From our collaborating partner “Living on Earth,” public radio’s environmental news magazine, an interview by Host Steve Curwood with intern and graduate student Nana Mohammed on the catastrophe in Nigeria and other nations in western Africa. 
West and Central Africa have been hit hard by the extreme flooding that has inundated many regions across the world in the last few weeks.
These floods are leaving millions stranded.
It’s yet another chapter in the story of global climate disruption that also includes Central Europe, where powerful waters have swept through towns and buckled bridges as well. And while the death toll in Poland and other parts of Central Europe is two or three dozen people, more than a thousand people have died in the parts of Africa slammed by the floods.
Nigeria, Mali, Senegal and Chad are among the most vulnerable regions in the world to climate impacts and with the least resources to cope, they are living the climate emergency.
Our own intern Nana Mohammed, a student at the NYU Science, Health and Environmental Reporting Program, is from northeast Nigeria and got in touch with some journalists and scientists based there. And she joins me now.  Hi, Nana.
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NANA MOHAMMED: Hi, Steve.
STEVE CURWOOD: Nana, these floods are catastrophic. What are you hearing from sources on the ground?
MOHAMMED: Yeah, it’s really been chaotic. Numbers are notoriously difficult to confirm in a developing story like this. But, yes, officials said at least 1,000 people have died and over 4 million have been affected by floods in these African countries. 
Maiduguri, Nigeria, is one of the places that has been ravaged by this disaster. 
“Now let’s take you to Nigeria, where the governor of Borno state has told the BBC that up to 2 million people have been affected by major flooding in the region…thousands of people are now desperately short of food and shelter.” 
With a population of over 2 million people, it is the largest city in the northeast Nigerian state of Borno and borders the Lake Chad region, which includes countries like Chad, Cameroon and Niger.
Maiduguri is very hot and dry for most of the year, and the city actually experienced a drought before these floods.
I called up journalist Isma’il Alfa Abdulrahim, who reports for the New York Times from Maiduguri.
ISMA’IL ALFA ABDULRAHIM: Twenty-two of my family members were caught in this flood. So, I had to rush for rescue. So, I saw firsthand what it is to be in the water because houses were submerged, you see children being put on top of the roof so that they could be saved. So, the rescue for people became so challenging because the water was coming forcefully. 
MOHAMMED: Isma’il was also involved in those rescue operations for several days. 
ALFA  ABDULRAHIM: We’ve gone into places where people are trapped. There was one person I saw that had fractures in two places on his right thigh and he was in that situation for four days before we went to rescue him. There was a woman, a pregnant woman, who gave birth on Thursday, and on Friday, we went in to rescue her because most of those trapped have no access to water or food. 
CURWOOD: It sounds harrowing and truly terrifying. 
MOHAMMED: Yeah, and honestly, this disaster reminded me of the
Boko Haram terrorist attack, which I reported on in 2014 and 2015. Hundreds of children went missing. The country was turned upside down and more than two million people were displaced across Nigeria’s northeastern states. But Ismail said this was worse.
ALFA ABDULRAHIM: A lot of unaccompanied children and missing children are recorded in this flooding much more than that of Boko Haram. 
MOHAMMED: It just seems climate change and conflict are constantly uprooting people’s lives in this region.
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CURWOOD: Nonstop instability. Hey, who else were you able to get in touch with, Nana?
MOHAMMED: I also spoke to climatologist Dr. Vincent Nduka Ojeh from Taraba State University in Nigeria. I asked him about the role of climate change in the floods.
VINCENT NDUKA OJEH:  Even as a climate scientist, I can tell you what happened in Borno is the first of its kind. The amount of rain that fell for a few minutes or few hours should have been a rain that should fall … for weeks. 
MOHAMMED: And weather forecasts, he said, couldn’t quite prepare the region for what was to come.
OJEH:  I remember in the Northeast region, we had over 27 days of drought before the rain came back. And because I do weather forecasting for my state, like an early warning system, I told them that rain will be coming back around the 15th, and when it comes, it’s going to come as if it was angry, it’s going to come furious, so we’re still going to experience flooding, alright, so I knew and I was expecting that it was coming, but what one cannot actually know is the magnitude of the rainfall, the magnitude of the destruction.
CURWOOD: Climate disruption is making weather patterns spin out of control. 
So, to what extent are people in Nigeria attributing these floods to climate change?
MOHAMMED: Well, Dr. Ojeh said there’s still somewhat of a disconnect.
OJEH: I still believe that there are people around thinking that climate change is an act of God. Is it God that brings sunshine, is it God that brings rainfall. The climate deniers should be able to know by now that we are sitting on the keg of gunpowder.
CURWOOD: Hmm … gunpowder, indeed. Well, what other factors, beyond climate disruption itself, contributed to the scale of the disaster here?
MOHAMMED: So, part of what made this flood so destructive in Maiduguri was the collapse of a dam that officials were warned about years ago. The Alau dam has been responsible for flooding in the state multiple times over the years. Experts believe changing and more intense rainfall patterns may have caused the infrastructure to decay over time. Dr. Ojeh told me the government ignored repeated calls to repair the dam. This time, the dam collapsed at 2 a.m., when the residents of Maiduguri were fast asleep.
OJEH: They also told us a story, a very pitiable story about a couple sleeping, their housing is on top of a flood of water passing under their room, and unfortunately, they had a baby. The baby rolled into the water, and the water washed him, washed him away. So, the stories of what flood is doing in Nigeria is devastating. 
CURWOOD: Wow, so incredibly tragic, Nana.
MOHAMMED: Yes, I can’t imagine how horrible that must have been.
In general, Dr. Ojeh said, Nigeria’s lack of resilient infrastructure has added another layer of climate vulnerability for the country. 
OJEH: The issue of climate change is now weakening the already weak urban designs, already weak infrastructures. So, the blocks of those buildings are already weak. The bridges are already caving in, so bringing or throwing up more problems in the future if care is not taken.
MOHAMMED: And Isma’il Alfa Abdulrahim, The New York Times journalist I talked to, said there are more pieces to the puzzle.
ALFA ABDULRAHIM: And another factor that comes glaringly to the face of the people is the corruption in the system. You know, money is voted or earmarked for certain projects that will have mitigated some of the effects of climate change, are diverted into private projects or it’s changed into something different from the originally planned project. So, you find that people don’t seem to understand the impact of climate change. There is the need for people to be aware of what climate change is all about. Because in our community now, people don’t tend to believe in climate change. 
MOHAMMED: But whether or not these people believe in climate change, Dr. Ojeh says Nigeria also just doesn’t have a lot of financial resources to deal with the disaster. 
OJEH: We all know that the developing countries suffer more from the effects of climate change because of our weak infrastructures; our road network; our people are poor; and all that. 
MOHAMMED: So that is where nations in the Global North could step in through the U.N. loss and damage fund to help the Global South save lives in the face of climate disruption. The cost of loss and damage for developing countries is projected to be up to $400 billion by 2030. So far wealthy countries have only pledged around $700 million, a fraction of what is needed. To put this into context, the European Union immediately pledged about $11 billion dollars in emergency funds for the Central European countries cleaning up after those floods. So Dr. Ojeh says developing nations also need to get more serious about their own adaptation plans. And those countries need to get specific on what exactly they need from international finance. 
OJEH: There must be something on the table that you are doing before you ask for help. So, the developing countries have a role to play, and the developed countries have their own role to play. 
MOHAMMED: And it is up to individual nations to ensure funds get where they need to go.
CURWOOD: So where should loss and damage funding be directed in Nigeria? 
I mean, what kinds of projects could help the country better adapt to future climate disasters?
MOHAMMED: Well, Nigeria’s facing a lot of environmental challenges. 
But in terms of flooding, Nigeria could improve drainage systems, build more flood walls and redirect development from flood-prone areas. 
CURWOOD: Nana this is such a devastating event. What’s next for Nigeria, do you think?
MOHAMMED: Well, in the long run they will need to focus on those adaptations. 
But right now, while rescue efforts continue, Isma’il Alfa Abdulrahim says the government needs to act to avoid displacement and provide immediate safety for those impacted.
ALFA ABDULRAHIM: For the people of Maiduguri, I saw resilience on their faces. In terms of the recovery, what they needed is just a home, a roof over their heads and their private life should continue not to be in the camps. 
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If Ruger has learnt one thing this year, it's that taking a leap of faith pays off.
Parting ways with his old record label to form his own was an eye-opening experience for the 24-year-old Nigerian singer.
"I understand the business more now," Ruger says, admitting "it's more stressful" but that the newfound freedom has also granted him a deeper sense of control.
"I feel more enlightened and more at peace," he tells me.
As we speak, the star is preparing for his first headline show in London.
I don't detect any nerves, though.
He is bubbly, engaging and relaxed as he explains the role Britain's capital city plays in shaping Afrobeats music on the global stage.
"If your song is big here, it is big around the world," he says.
Not that he wants to do things the same old way.
Ruger's sound sets him apart due to his distinctive use of Jamaican Patois and his refusal to repeat melodies, giving each song a fresh energy.
"That's why you know a Ruger song when you hear a Ruger song," he explains. "My delivery is different, my lyricism is different."
In the current landscape of African music he has mastered the art of fusion.
Born and raised in Nigeria's hectic metropolis Lagos, Ruger's music pays homage to his African roots and global influences.
The Jamaican artists he grew up listening to – Chronixx, Kranium, Popcaan, Gyptian, and Buju Banton – were a key influence on his unique blend of dancehall and Afrobeats.
Asiwaju remains his most significant hit to date. The infectious song peaked at number two on the UK Afrobeats chart and boasts over 127 million streams on Spotify, along with 113 million YouTube views.
Ruger says the shift from recording "normal Afrobeats" was organic rather than strategic, and happened two years ago while working on his track Warning in the studio with Nigerian producer KukBeatz.
"I told him: 'I think I'm going to stick with this sound. There is nobody actually killing this sound the way I just did it now. I think I want to make more songs like this. Using Patois and blending it with Afrobeats.'"
With 2.5 million Instagram followers, over four million monthly Spotify listeners, and multiple chart-topping hits under his belt, Ruger’s rise in the music industry since starting out just five years ago is undeniable.
Reflecting on his influence, Ruger says emerging artists are taking note of the unique energy he brings to the scene.
"I feel like everybody that is coming up, is also looking like the way I'm doing it and they're learning from me," he says.
"I'm creating another path… I am also doing my own thing."
Known for his bright pink hair and pirate-esque eye patch, Ruger emphasises that individuality is crucial for success.
He urges new artists to identify something that is distinctive about their music and "hold on to it" if they want to elevate their brand.
Another lesson he has learnt is about conflict.
A highly publicised online beef with fellow Nigerian singer BNXN (formerly Buju) kept both singers in the headlines in recent years.
The spat was fuelled by fans comparing the two artists and came to a head when the pair competed for a prize at the Headies, a Nigerian music award show, in 2022, which was ultimately won by BXBN.
But the former rivals eventually called a truce and collaborated on the joint album "RnB", released earlier this year.
"We grow, you understand," Ruger tells me. "We grow and we elevate together. That's the most important thing."
Looking back now, it seems clear to him that the pair were destined to make great music together, regardless of that early rivalry.
More collaborations are on Ruger's mind now.
On his wishlist are global superstars Doja Cat, Future and – above all – Adele.
"Just her soft voice and mine doing something amazing. I trust it to be mad!"
So what does Ruger make of the trend of singers from outside the continent tapping into the "African sound"?
As the Afrobeats genre expands globally, even earning its own category at the Grammys and MTV VMAs, it’s the lack of substance behind certain songs that worries Ruger.
"Some people just get into the studio and just do some things, and because there's money to push, they push it – and the world is forced to like it.
"That's where I feel like the dilution comes from."
Despite the pressures of an evolving industry, Ruger remains committed to staying true to his craft.
"Times change," he says. "I feel like you can either change with the time or do whatever you like."
For now, though, the boundary-breaking artist is focused on the present and giving the best to his fans.
"I feel blessed… This is my first headline show in London, it's long overdue."
Article edited by Natasha Booty
Go to BBCAfrica.com for more news from the African continent.

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LAKE BALBOA >> The Hollywood movie and TV industry volunteers reached high into actress Lila Waters’ kitchen, then plucked her favorite glassware to place them low where she could easily reach them.
For the 84-year-old star of “Paper Moon,” eyeing the Tinseltown turnaround of her Lake Balboa home Saturday was tantamount to being on a reality segment of “Extreme Makeover: MPTF Edition.”
“The flower vases I use quite a bit,” said Waters, clutching a peeled banana, as actress Natalie Bruss and Natasha Kasozi of the Motion Picture & Television Fund reorganized her galley. “Good, good,” encouraged Waters, “you’re doing a great job.”
It was a one-day transformation of the Waters home — from peeling paint and difficult-to-navigate to fresh latex and ADA-friendly inside and out. And it all came thanks to dozens of volunteers from the Woodland Hills-based Motion Picture & Television Fund, which for nearly a century has provided health, retirement and other services to Hollywood workers.
A decade ago, it had launched Home Safe Home — a campaign to make the homes of entertainment industry seniors and disabled members safe, satisfying and secure.
On Saturday, a once cluttered clapboard on a cul-de-sac north of Victory Boulevard became the 1,000th safe home for Hollywood makeover.
“We support people’s dignity,” said Holly Spiegel, project coordinator for Home Safe Home, surrounded by the clank of shovels, buzz of electric sanders and choreographed cleanup. “It’s important for a person to get to every part of their home — they shouldn’t be walled off from their (houses),” Spiegel said.
“The important thing: The work didn’t happen without our angel volunteers.”
It was more than three decades ago, not long after Waters played the minister’s wife in the 1973 comedy drama “Paper Moon,” that she and her husband Ed moved into their Van Nuys home.
But over years, the house became cluttered and somewhat long in the tooth. Then a couple of years ago, Ed tumbled from a ladder trying to trim its trees, snapping his leg in two places. Then Lila, too, developed a difficulty walking.
Both lacked the resources to fix their house enough to live there by themselves. Enter an MPTF social worker. And the nonprofit Fund’s Home Safe Home.
But by 8 a.m. Saturday, more than 60 Hollywood volunteers in “MPTF: We take care of our own” T-shirts had rolled up to the Waters home.
As the mercury climbed toward 90 degrees, the actors, grips, writers and other whizzes from seven entertainment unions and guilds had toiled as if they were on location — ripping out a faded lawn, pouring a concrete access ramp to the driveway, prepping the porch, touching up the white trim and painting the house in a new robin’s egg “bleu d’anglais.”
Inside, they cleared out years of papers and magazines. Tidied rooms. Rearranged libraries and cupboards. Spritzed the furniture. And redesigned the actress’s wardrobe.
By the end of the day, everywhere was walkable. Everything was in reach. And every corner would be safe for the aging Waters.
“I don’t think there’s any other industry where people will all come out on a weekend to help other people —unless it’s a flood,” said Ben Cowitt, 81, of Studio City, a volunteer who was once in charge of operations for just about every studio in town.
“It’s the spirit of giving back,” said Yvette Nicole Brown of Valley Village, who plays Dani on the CBS sitcom, “The Odd Couple,” sweeping up paint chips. “We need to help each other, we’re not islands.
“It’s Lila today. It could be me tomorrow. And if I sow good seeds in her garden today, hopefully flowers will spring up in ours tomorrow.”
During the hubbub, Lila Waters paused in almost disbelief.
“Wonderful deal,” said the silver-haired actress, in a pearl-colored seersucker shirt. “It’s help, with help that’s really needed. I’m impressed.
“I didn’t know we’d have so many specialists.”
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