$127 Billion in US Student Loans Now Flagged for Cancellation … – Slashdot

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…for tax purposes.

Please tell me this will be considered income for tax purposes.
Some of it will and some of it won’t. These loans are being forgiven in various different ways, and the American Rescue Plan Act (2021) exempted some student loan forgiveness methods from federal taxation through 2025. Anyone having their loans forgiven should definitely use a professional tax preparer this year, regardless of their regular income.
Nope, and neither does California. It’s pretty sweet.
Car loans and mortgages only use simple interest if the borrower pays the full loan amount every month from the moment they take out the loan. Student loans if payed off in the same manner are also simple interest loans. Student loans only have compound interest if they aren’t paid off immediately (such as while going to college) or if the full loan amount isn’t paid (such as during an income-based repayment period).
If car loans or mortgages allowed people to not start paying their loan for 4 years or enter into income-based repayment plans, they would have compound interest too.
I think federal and state governments should be paying for far more of post-secondary education costs, but complaining about compounding interest is not the correct place to focus.
That’s part of it, but since 1980 the total cost (tuition, fees, room, board, etc) to attend a four-year college for one year has almost tripled. Adjusted for inflation, it has increased by 180% from about $10,00 to $28,800 [forbes.com]. That’s insane. According to the same article, “State and local funding per student for higher education dropped about 25% between 1988 and 2018”.
You can point a finger at a lot of places for the cause, but I think the primary point is that the country has found itself with an “education industrial complex” that profitizes education, created in a big part by federal student loans that are way too easy to get. Similar to the way house prices were exploded by easy access to government-backed mortgages.
The importance and necessity of a four-year degree should be pulled back down to earth and there should be more not-for-profit community and state schools that make education available for a price that most Americans can reach.
Instead of forgiving student loans and shifting the burden to everyone instead of those who agreed to the loans, Biden should be focused on preventing these universities from milking students for so much money with so little value in return. Biden is simply buying votes from some instead of proposing laws that would end the cash grab and protect future generations. By extension, Biden is also giving the universities a mega cash handout to continue what they are doing to the next class, and the class after that, etc.
The universities were paid years ago. This is not a handout to the universities. It makes no difference to them.
A bigger problem is that Congress will be less willing to fund student loans in the future now that they have turned into handouts rather than loans.
Default rates will also be likely to rise now that the government is rewarding those who borrowed the most and repaid the least.
Yes it doesn’t touch the universities one way or another…
But the point stands: Stop talking about forgiveness and first make sure it doesn’t happen anymore in the first place.
The Biden administration is basically sitting in a boat that is sinking and instead of plugging the whole, they keep shoveling water overboard.

Stop talking about forgiveness and first make sure it doesn’t happen anymore in the first place.
That’s easy to say, but higher education costs have soared for many reasons and nobody agrees on what the solution is.
Costs increased because they could increase. When the federal government took over the student loan business and removed any reasonable risk standards, then the colleges were happy to increase costs to the extent that students were able to get funded — which unfortunately was way out of whack in relation to the value actually received. If all of the students which took out the loans were able to get jobs which paid enough to service the loans, then this would never have been a problem.
Want to make sure that the federal government won’t have to deal with this balance sheet issue again, simple, ban federal student loans as well as student loan guarantees — i.e. go back to where the situation was for the vast majority of our countries history. Students looking to get reasonable loans for remunerative skills/educations will find sufficient funding in the private loan markets — those that can’t — well, you just saved a pile of money for skills which deliver minimal value.
The additional benefit to reining in costs at these institutions is that maybe self funded college educations will again be attainable. The reality is that most of the existing institutions have spent far too much money on administrators and facilities and far too little on professors.
Costs first increased because educational subsidies were ended and someone had to pay.
THEN they increased MORE because students could get loans.
NOW they keep increasing still more because you need a degree more and more, and there are not more and more educators to go along with that need because their salaries are not increasing; the executives and their consultants are running off with the money.
No school administrator should get paid more than the average of the educators’ salaries.

 

Stop talking about forgiveness and first make sure it doesn’t happen anymore in the first place.
That’s easy to say, but higher education costs have soared for many reasons and nobody agrees on what the solution is.
Easy federally-backed loans are the primary reason higher education costs have soared. There are many possible solution, but mass debt forgiveness isn’t one of them. It’s a kindness to debtholders that will make the underlying problem worse.

nobody agrees on what the solution is
Even to the most obtuse observer I think it would be clear that loan forgiveness offers no incentive for the university to change, and in fact encourages more unbearable loans, with the gamble that the government might foot the bill in a pinch.
So even if avoiding loan forgiveness isn’t the solution, instituting loan forgiveness is going to make the problem worse without further changes.

 

Stop talking about forgiveness and first make sure it doesn’t happen anymore in the first place.
That’s easy to say, but higher education costs have soared for many reasons and nobody agrees on what the solution is.
there is zero downward pressure on the price of college. There’s no risk to lenders, they can lend as much as the want and the return is guaranteed by the federal government. That means colleges can charge any amount and customers will always pay.

end the federal guarantee so the market dictates the risk lenders are willing to take on and price their loans accordingly. Then education prices have no option but to come down because otherwise, colleges will have priced themselves out of the market.
“Yes it doesn’t touch the universities one way or another…”
Yes it does. Because this sends the message to those considering whether they want to take on this debt that sooner or later something will be worked out to get them out of it too. That means more people making that choice and the proceeds go to the universities.
“They’re seeing in the poles that no one in the US really wants this guy for another 4x years.”
Meanwhile the guy on the other side is put his trust in the Hungarians.
(He’s not quite sure where Hungary is however)
“They’re seeing in the poles that no one in the US really wants this guy for another 4x years.”
Meanwhile the guy on the other side is put his trust in the Hungarians.
(He’s not quite sure where Hungary is however)
LOL…yep, early morning and my brain spell checker isn’t working fully yet.
I need to caffeine kick start it.

A bigger problem is that Congress will be less willing to fund student loans in the future now that they have turned into handouts rather than loans.
Well… good. If more government ‘loans’ is leading to an increasing price in college costs, then maybe it’s time for government to get out of that business.
Uh, no? Remember, it’s the students who are supporting Hamas/Palestinians, and only some of them. The alumni are the ones who support Israel more. And they’re the ones who might have student loan debt getting paid off…
The current students are unlikely to see their loans forgiven.
Holy crap, your left-wing press is positively nazi! It’s hard to find a more all-blame-on-one-side war (with Russian actions being the only real contender), and yet you have a supposedly serious news site going all RT-like.
With right-wing also being insane, I’m really afraid of what’s going on in politics on your side of the pond.

Instead of forgiving student loans and shifting the burden to everyone instead of those who agreed to the loans,
How do you propose the loans be paid off? As the old saying goes you can’t get blood from a stone.
Why can’t college-educated people get jobs to pay back their loans? The argument I hear frequently is that unless we pay-off student loans, we’ll have a generation of Americans that can’t afford to buy a home or start a family. It’s not that they can’t pay their loan payments, it’s that they can’t pay for their loans and buy a house.
What did these people think when they borrowed $40-60,000? Didn’t they understand what was involved in paying off those loans?
I put a lot of the blame on politicians that gave every student the ability to borrow tens of thousands of dollars to study anything they wanted to, and said “everyone should go to college” , but I also put a lot of blame on the parents and teachers that encouraged this behavior.

What did these people think when they borrowed $40-60,000? Didn’t they understand what was involved in paying off those loans?
Consider that they were high school students when they started college. Then consider the state of education in our high schools. Odds are they truly didn’t. Plus, you have colleges producing shiny pamphlets basically going “don’t worry about all this debt, you’ll get a great job!”
Compared to previous generations of college graduates:
1. This generation is deeper in debt with student loans. My dad’s generation often had debt, but it was relatively small amounts. These days it can be closer to the price of a house.
2. The pay increase from graduating college is less than before. While the business that wanted to pay minimum wage to have somebody distribute the mail while requiring a graduate degree is something of a meme, truth is the pay of college grads has stagnated
3. Because relatively speaking, everybody and their aunt* are getting college degrees, it’s no longer the assurance that you’ll get a job at all.
4. Other expenses have gone up as well, relative to pay – house, car, healthcare, etc…
It’s a difficult deal, and yes, “everyone should go to college” is a big part of the problem. If we had like half the college graduates, businesses would just have to accept that college grads are a premium employee, and not require them for everything. This would get people into the workforce faster, without 4+ years of accumulating debt.
*More women are getting degrees these days than men.
They took advice from authority figures that it didn’t matter what they studied in college and they can just pay back their loans like magic. When I was in high school they called an assembly where one of the teachers gave us the expert protip to take easy classes and use our flawless GPA to get into a famous college instead of enduring the pain of hard classes.
Just lol at some chump trying to get into UofM when geometry is his highest math class and just lol the fuck out of that fool if he did when

Why can’t college-educated people get jobs to pay back their loans?
Wages have not kept up with the current day cost of living. Rent has doubled in a few years along with grocery prices.
Run your old tuition and living expenses through the inflation calculator and you’ll understand why.
Biden doesn’t have the power to fix the root of the problem, that responsibility lies on Congress. Biden is just handling what he has the authority to fix. Massive student loan burdens for college doesn’t make much more sense than massive student loan burdens for a high school education, given how beneficial a college education is to the US economy. Everyone needs to be pitching in to fix this, not just the President.

Biden doesn’t have the power to fix the root of the problem, that responsibility lies on Congress. Biden is just handling what he has the authority to fix.
No, if Biden had the authority to forgive student loans, he would have just done so (and the 6-3 Supreme Court decision tells me that he probably doesn’t).
Maybe that’s an old fashioned view, but why don’t presidents even try to go to Congress before attempting to enact major policy changes?

Biden doesn’t have the power to fix the root of the problem, that responsibility lies on Congress.
Which is ironic because Biden was near the root of the problem while he was in congress, as he was behind the push to prevent students from clearing educational debt through bankruptcy. The real root of the problem was ending subsidized education, because we wanted a nation of uneducated idiots who will believe anything they’re told, but you should at least be able to discharge it through bankruptcy as easily as a personal debt you spent on a hookers and blow vacation.
For all those who complain about forgiving loans. Why aren’t you also complaining about the $793 Billion in PPP loans of which the vast majority are being forgiven.
A large amount of that was pure fraud. How many students do you think committed fraud when they took out their loans?
I know people who have been defrauded by their servicers who have improperly handled interest and payments as well as placing loans in unfavorable repayment plans.
Also realize that some of this is to address the almost complete

For all those who complain about forgiving loans. Why aren’t you also complaining about the $793 Billion in PPP loans of which the vast majority are being forgiven.
Because unlike student loans, the legislation which created the PPP loan program specifically included loan forgiveness, provided certain criteria was met by the borrowers. It’s explained right here [wikipedia.org] in the Loan forgiveness section.
Completely different thing, and this argument keeps getting rehashed by people who don’t know anything and don’t bother to do a modicum of research to avoid sounding ignorant.
For the idiot with modpoints and a disdain for facts they don’t like: https://studentaid.gov/announc… [studentaid.gov]
The difference is PPP loans had forgiveness clauses as part of the agreement. The student loans didn’t

Sure they did/do. https://www.consumerfinance.go… [consumerfinance.gov]
student loans need bankruptcy and then the schools and banks will skin in the game

Instead of forgiving student loans and shifting the burden to everyone instead of those who agreed to the loans, Biden should be focused on preventing these universities from milking students for so much money with so little value in return. Biden is simply buying votes from some instead of proposing laws that would end the cash grab and protect future generations. By extension, Biden is also giving the universities a mega cash handout to continue what they are doing to the next class, and the class after that, etc.
But Biden has to live in our current world while eyeballing re-election. And as much as I hate having to look at his logic on shit like this, it is logical. If he forces colleges to stop milking students for every cent? He’ll lose school administrators, who will bitch to high heaven until their alumni are lost as well, and likely a portion of the students as well, who are, by and large, brainwashed into believing school funding is far more important to them than education or their own financial state. By fo
You’re operating under a common, but mistaken impression that University costs have increased rapidly. But actually tuition has increased less than inflation.
Sure the sticker price has increased a crazy amount, but the average amount paid has actually decreased. Scholarships and bursaries have increased more than tuition has increased, so the average paid is actually down.
https://www.forbes.com/sites/d… [forbes.com]
The real lesson that needs to be spread is that nobody should be paying taking massive loans to pay
Establish a means test for repayment. If you have no prospects of making that money back, you don’t get a loan. If your family has no prospects of paying that money back, you don’t get a loan.
This is how it worked before, roughly, 1998, and we didn’t have a student loan debt crisis before then. Also, the average cost of tuition has increased by roughly 50% in adjusted dollars since then. Before that point it was increasing, roughly, on par with inflation. If you are a university and you know students will b

Biden is simply buying votes…
By pissing off every other hard-working American that took out loans on homes, sold investments, tapped retirement funds, and/or sacrificed many days and nights working second jobs to put their children through college and did NOT take out a now very special kind of loan, all because the concept of selling worthless degrees to gullible customers is simply Too Big To Fail?
Hell of a way to ‘buy’ those votes. You’d have better luck purposefully dismantling a border and handing millions of immigrants a one-wa
You’re highlighting the crux of the student loan / college issue.
Prior to 2010(IIRC?) colleges were heavily subsidized directly by both the state and the federal government. CA colleges for instnace averaged 120~% of a student’s tuition in subsidies from the state and federal government. (I.e. if a student’s tuition cost $30k, the school received an additional $36k from the government.)
Then Obama changed student financial aid, raising the amount to $75k (IIRC) and then both the state and fed cut almost
According to https://studentaid.gov/debt-re… [studentaid.gov], your income must be lower than $125K for singles and $250K for married couples. The main rules appear to be:
To be eligible, your annual income must have fallen below $125,000 (for individuals) or $250,000 (for married couples or heads of households).
If you received a Pell Grant in college and meet the income threshold, you will be eligible for up to $20,000 in debt relief.
If you did not receive a Pell Grant in college and meet the income threshold, you will be eligible for up to $10,000 in debt relief.
I wonder how many Loan Forgiveness advocates understand that loan forgiveness in 2024 doesn’t mean anything to freshmen taking on student debt starting in the Fall of 2025?
I suspect Democrats hope this idea will resurface every four years, sync’d to US Presidential elections…
Thing is, it DOES mean things to freshmen taking on student debt in 2025. Way back in the day, at times you had “jubilees” where, among other things, debts were forgiven. These happened at regular periods.
So, basically speaking, with the debt forgiveness now, students today will consider that it has happened before and may happen again, and thus be more willing to take on student loan debt in the anticipation that it may or will be forgiven, depending on how optimistic they are.
That’s kind of like how ill
> Implying working class families even understand inflation, taxes, or interest rates.
smirk.tiff
Say it loud and proud there Anonymous Coward.
“Rich” families need to take out loans because many people can’t help trying to live beyond their means. People with incomes that would seemingly guarantee them no money problems have money problems, because no matter how much money people make/have, they always want things that are just out of reach and they take on debt to get it.
There isn’t anything new about this, a Greek story from thousands of years ago describes someone being tortured for eternity, standing in a pool of water right under the branch
Am I missing something here? The study you absolved (or not) could not get you a job which earned enough money to pay back your student loan. Also, you chose a school which asks an enormous amount of money so they can have classes which are useless on the job market.
Now this all has to be paid for by the tax paying population who did choose a solid career path. Doesn’t sound really fair.
You’re missing the point of Liberal Arts colleges and the Ivy League altogether.
You are missing something here. The problem is that we make students pay for most of their college education in the first place. The tax payers should have been paying far more than $127 billion of extra spending on post-secondary education over the past few decades. This is chump change compared to the social and economic benefit of more Americans becoming college educated.
We need to reign in post-secondary education costs and massively increase the percentage of those costs paid for by state and local governments, but we also need to remove the massive student-loan burden we have been putting on our children for the past few decades.

Why should “taxpayers” foot the bill for this shit?
For the same reason tax payers foot the bill for grade school and high school. An educated populace is in the best interest of society in general, not just those obtaining the education.

these loans are usurious. The majority of these loans are people who have been paying on them for years, sometimes decades. The loan companies agreed that after X years of payments they’d be forgiven, but they lied about that or hid that from the borrowers.
You might be right when loans were opened up to a significantly larger portion of the population in the late 1990s. Since then, there have been documentaries, news articles, books, blog posts, web sites, TV news pieces, radio programs, and entire podcasts about how onerous student loans are. At this point, if anyone doesn’t understand how student loans work, without an even cursory glance at a Wikipedia article or financial web site, it’s not the loan company’s fault.
Here’s the first thing that comes up in

Doesn’t sound really fair.
“Fair” isn’t exactly the word we should be using to describe the mass harm that has been done. Let’s start with a criminal label while taxpayers easily justify the reasons to redistribute the billions sitting in university coffers.
After that, we should institute separation of Education and Politics. Universities either accept this separation, or they will not be recognized as an accredited institution. Degrees will be viewed as invalid by employers. You’re there to get an education, not an indoctrinatio

the vast majority of these loans are 15-20 years old and the principle as well as a healthy profit have already been paid long since.
By YOUR metric just how many homes out there have been paid off, and yet millions are still paying on a principle overshadowed by interest long ago?
You know, cause 15-20 years old is plenty enough profit on a 30-year mortgage…
Thank you for being a responsible debtor by paying off your student loans so you can pay off mine too!

Thank you for being a responsible debtor by paying off your student loans so you can pay off mine too!
hah financial competence never goes unpunished. If you know how to manage your money then you’re either a scumbag worthy of only the guillotine or someone’s ATM card.
no they weren’t fraudulent and had easier and more flexible terms than other loans.
Irresponsible losers don’t take responsibility for their lives or plan and then saddle the rest of us with the bill.
And not like we took underwater interpretative dance as the major.
Government loans which you pay off through the tax system; you pay 10% of your income above a certain level. Those who benefit from college get to pay them off, those who got fooled into useless courses don’t suffer.
Thanks, from us who saved money for our kids going to college. I could have a really nice shop, traveled, etc. Well I guess the joke’s on me.

Thanks, from us who saved money for our kids going to college. I could have a really nice shop, traveled, etc. Well I guess the joke’s on me.
and the best part? It doesn’t even matter. In 5 years these people are going to be up to their eyeballs in cc debt, getting money for free doesn’t make you any more competent. No more student loan debt just means more space on the credit card… for now.
Anyone outside US know of students getting a loan to study? Or a job to pay for it?
Around here, studying IS the student’s job. It’s unpaid, but sure also is an investment in their future. As parents, we pay for the duration of the (successful) years like we pay for our kids when they’re in high-school.
Seems to me that student loans -I might be mistaken, hence my asking-, like gun violence or climate denial, is, quite prominently, an American thing.
Do I get a rebate?

I didn’t dislike him until now.
Biden is doing what he promised to do during his campaign.
If you liked him then, it’s silly to dislike him now for keeping his promise.
I don’t agree with the loan forgiveness, but he ran on the issue and has a mandate from the electorate. Elections matter.
I’d rather pay for this than the frick’n Mexican wall.
Good thing he’s just signing legislation from Congress allowing him to do this oh wai-
Er I mean good thing the Supreme Court just said he can totally do this oh wai-
Nope got nothing.

Good thing he’s just signing legislation from Congress allowing him to do this oh wai-
The US System gives an enormous amount of discretionary power to the President. I don’t think it’s a good idea, but existing laws give him the discretion to do this.

Er I mean good thing the Supreme Court just said he can totally do this oh wai-
Nope got nothing.
The SCOTUS said he couldn’t use one set of tools to cancel student debt, so he used a different set of tools to cancel a smaller amount of debt. That is… completely legitimate. The SCOTUS shouldn’t give a damn about student debt cancellation as a policy, only whether it’s carried out legally.

Biden is doing what he promised to do during his campaign.
Kinda. He originally promised $150k/lender forgiveness on his website pretty early in the campaign. It’s nearly impossible to find citations for that with google now, though, because the well has been poisoned with the claim that people making under $150k will be eligible to student loan forgiveness. And I don’t feel like playing with the internet archive right now, I love it but it’s slow AF.

 

I didn’t dislike him until now.
Biden is doing what he promised to do during his campaign.
There in lies the problem. Biden doing something he promised that may help people really drives a dagger into the lifeless hearts of the “ThEiR aS bAd As EaCh OtHeR” loons.

I’d rather pay for this than the frick’n Mexican wall.
Well apparently we’re paying for that, too [apnews.com].
Oh yes and of course the loan I took out for my last trip to Disneyland.
Well, yes, that would be nice for me, but stupid for the economy(*)
The idea is that the whole country profits from as many people getting university degrees. Which is not wrong if you send all your factories to China and rely on the Googles and Facebooks for your economy.
However, economy doesn’t care if you have a house and car. You could as well live in mass shelters and be bussed to your desk. Would suck for you, but not that much for

( I paid my student loans. >100k worth. I got room, board and access to a long list of great teachers for 4 long years. Never thought for a minute that I didn’t benefit or that I didn’t owe payment for the services I was given. )
I am still paying off my >100k worth of student loans I took out for undergraduate and graduate school, and make far too much income for my debt to ever be repaid by any programs Democrats are advocating for. I’m happy to pay for those who were less successful in repaying their student loans though. Not everyone who isn’t benefiting from this, and who will eventually be paying for it, is as heartless as those complaining about student loan forgiveness. They should have never needed to take these loans ou
Into the arrrrrms… of an aaaaaaangel!

Now I need my mortgage canceled, and it would be nice if you made my car loan go away. Sociopaths deserve to be subsidized. It’s their right, and they really don’t care who worked hard to earn that money or where it came from. The goal is to take as much as possible, not to pull one’s own weight.
( I paid my student loans. >100k worth. I got room, board and access to a long list of great teachers for 4 long years. Never thought for a minute that I didn’t benefit or that I didn’t owe payment for the services I was given. )
Sarcasm noted.
But it does reflect some underlying issues.
Considering the situation – Millions of Students took majors that had no practical use after graduation, used student loans both to live on and pay tuition and buy course materials, and now want all of that to be free no cost to them ever.
It therefore follows that what they want is a zero cost lifestyle. 4 to 8 years of the college experience, all gratis.
Now this is not to call colleges blameless. The ride students took, the insistence of p
BTW you can cancel your mortgage and car loans at any time by filing for bankruptcy. Oddly enough you can’t do that on student loans.
Declaring bankruptcy allows the lenders to recoup the loan losses by taking back the assets and reselling them (depending on a few factors).
Can’t do that with a Eskimo Lesbian Literature Theory diploma, as it’s worthless.
My naive and probably wrong response to this would be to allow new student loans to be discharged by bankruptcy simultaneously expose the target degree progra

GTFO, a ‘generation of boomers’ did NOT go to college for free! … A LOT OF THEM SERVED IN FRIGGIN WORLD WAR 2.
Their PARENTS might have served in “friggin WW2”, but boomers themselves (i.e. people born AFTER the end of WW2 – 50s till 60s) did not have the time travelling technology required for that. They were toddlers during the Korean war as well, boomers could only have served in Vietnam. Less than 10% of boomers served the military according to a quick search, so that’s a small minority you are talking about.

 

GTFO, a ‘generation of boomers’ did NOT go to college for free! … A LOT OF THEM SERVED IN FRIGGIN WORLD WAR 2.
Their PARENTS might have served in “friggin WW2”, but boomers themselves (i.e. people born AFTER the end of WW2 – 50s till 60s) did not have the time travelling technology required for that. They were toddlers during the Korean war as well, boomers could only have served in Vietnam.
You don’t have to go to war to get the GI Bill. My dad (a Boomer) got the GI Bill with a combination of peacetime active duty and years of National Guard service. I got it with service in the Air Force Reserve (I’m Gen X; went to school in the early 90s).

….A LOT OF THEM SERVED IN FRIGGIN WORLD WAR 2, Vietnam, and Korea! I have loads of friends who went that route….
And this OP served in FRIGGIN OIF multiple times in the grunts, thanks to GW Bush and Dick Cheney (two more boomer draft dodgers / Viet-Nam evaders), and barely got out of OEF by not re-upping. What’s your point? This is about Biden attempting to forgive some student loans, not about military service. Where were you in February 1968? Unless it was Hue City, then keep quiet about military service. Maybe young people just want the same social contract that was promised to their parents and grandparents. Biden

…. I’m furious Biden is trying to buy votes this way…..
BINGO. Biden is buying votes this way. We both agree on this. We’re talking truth, not high-minded platitudes about “responsibility”.

Maybe Socrates was right with his idea of only giving the vote to ‘qualified voters’. Qualified Voters being people sufficiently educated to make decisions. He was worried about EXACTLY THIS… Two thousand years since his time and we’ve learned nothing.
Of course he was…and so was the First Continental Congress as they implemented the electoral college…and they’re half right.
The problem is that, for all practical purposes, the power then lands in the hands of whoever gets to decide who is and who isn’t a “qualified voter”. Having some sort of voting literacy test sounds good at first blush, but that was literally already tried after the US Civil War – the term “grandfathered” comes from the “grandfather clause” that gave exemptions to white folks who c
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